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<h3>Phonemes of Kora Updated</h3>Notes: (s) = some; (r) = rare; (b) = borrowed; ~ alternates. Nasalised vowels are always long, and because of this predictability, it would be redundant to indicate the feature in the spelling. Use of a doubled consonant (as in the word ‘torro’ ‘scatter, sow, strew’) was intended to reflect a shortened preceding vowel. &nbsp;As a basic rule of thumb, the vowel in a word (other than a grammatical morpheme) that consists of just a consonant followed by a vowel (such as bī &nbsp;‘suckle’) is typically long, while the first vowel in a word that either has a medial consonant (such as koba ‘speak’), or ends in a nasal (such as xon ‘grind’), is most often short. There are many exceptions to this basic principle). 8.5.2025.Menán du Plessis in Kora p.66.<figure id="figure-t4w2aczwemrarricg" class=""><img id="t4w2aczwemrarricg" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/36EKzkddH2Wd9Tm8GmGIBxgB6uY2R5BN9iuRDdPjR5AI3SdlntKvAHTs0RCEJnz7.png" alt="" title="" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 1/1; object-position: undefined undefined;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="1:1" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/36EKzkddH2Wd9Tm8GmGIBxgB6uY2R5BN9iuRDdPjR5AI3SdlntKvAHTs0RCEJnz7.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 1/1; object-position: undefined undefined;"></figure>

3. Phonemes of Kora Updated

3.1 Kaaps© 29.9.2022 by Peter Snyders GYou are supposed to do your own verifications of what is presented because we are committed to nothing but the truth. So, please consider the rule in your own way of writing and speaking Kaaps.&nbsp;We have been given more than 3,000 Kaaps words, so we will be using them to substantiate our understanding of how and why Kaaps is the way it is. You should look at all the renditions of Kaaps by your fellow writers. With regards to assimilations, when you read Chapter Three of Kora, you will at times come across words used by Prof. Menán du Plessis, like: cross-dialectal alternations, varieties, instead of, substitution, alternated, and self-correction. When we deal with these, you would not even know it.When I started, I looked at a few pages, took a few pages of Kaaps by Kaaps writers, and translated the Dutch even though I had not actually studied Dutch except with Afrikaans I at UNISA. It was here that I learnt about diacritical sounds. These are the only ways a verb or consonant is expressed. I also gave an English translation of the Kaaps word. All this was a mountain of work, but I had to do it to give proof.We have enough Kaaps, so we will not need any more unless the writer or speaker would like his words to be in a Kaapse Wordlist. If so, then he or she must send us a table containing his Kaaps words and a column of brief English translations. I will add the Dutch. Look at our lists of words showing why we speak and write the way we do.The best thing to do is to create a custom.dic which you call Kaaps. You then put your writing through it and add to the dictionary every word that does not agree with Afrikaans. When you are done, copy the whole file and paste it into a file with a name of your own. If you do not do this, we will not have the time to do it for you.All my own works I have had to put aside to send you two posts a week. So, I cannot answer your letters. I suggest you either wait for me to handle your problem or start a forum where you discuss issues with other blog members.So now, we have just, by way of trying to recreate how the Khoikhoi creates a novel (new) word with foreign Dutch sounds, given an example of why Kaaps say ek for ik and Djan for Jan. We have given you a few examples from a long list of Kaaps words to show that it was not created by an academic person, but they are part of many people’s home language, that is, Kaaps.&nbsp;We would also have started a blog line that covers many aspects of contact with the Kora in European languages. Consult those issues if you would like to have a day-by-day European contact before Van Riebeeck came to the Cape.&nbsp;At last, understanding that Van Riebeeck had just said his name, the Khoikhoi gives in a similar fashion his own name, let’s say Dzoroǃnoagu. This means ‘I am Dzoro.’ Notice, like the Nguni languages in South Africa, I am Dzoro is one word. You are going to come across numerous examples in Kaaps where two or more words assimilate (blend) into one word.Van Riebeeck realizes that even if he wanted to learn Kora, that would never happen, what with the dj and click and all. So, he replies (for instance) Joro [jɔrɔ] – to which Dzoro [ʤɔrɔ] can relate, albeit with a slight exchange of the first letter. If you read the early Cape history, you will see that most of the Khoikhoi who had an association with the Dutch (and the English) were given Western names. An example is Harry for Aushumao.Quibblers will argue that Van Riebeeck had been to the Far East and would have therefore gone directly to the point-and-name system. Since 1652, to date, there has been no attempt at understanding the fundamental processes of Kaaps. Much of that which has been said was imbued with race- and class-related ideologies. We need centuries (374 years to be exact) to catch up, so we have to use the adiabatic system of science, where anything that is not relevant is excluded.&nbsp;Also, we have taken a worst-case scenario because we would like to return to our postulation (derivation from circumstances), like the greetings we originally attempted to use. We must concentrate only on the linguistics and leave out unnecessary history and references, which could often be dubious.For us to proceed in a systematic way, we would like to be allowed to go back to just a few basic linguistics that we shall need going forward. We will attempt, as Prof. Menán du Plessis tried to do in her book, Kora, to keep in mind our target groups and to try to remember our non-specialist readership.The older linguistics concentrated on the differences in languages. This probably led to the propagation of ideas about so-called “proper,” “cultured,” “pure,” “superior,” and “civilised” languages, among others.The new (current) linguistics decided to change the approach to what languages have in common. To standardise the phonetics (the study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance), they had only one criterion: only civilised languages – spoken or written – would qualify.&nbsp;They defined a civilised language as a language that is rule-governed. They discovered that all languages with or without a writing system are rule-governed and therefore civilised! We will linguistically show how Kaaps obey all the rules. We will prove that you cannot take Dutch, Kora, or Afrikaans as a standard for a completely new language like Kaaps.To keep everything simple, allow us to only use the distinctive (diacritical) phonetic signs [a,] [ε] (alt + 238), [i], [ɔ] (alt + 596), and [u]. ε is the same as ê and is written as e in Kora. ɔ is like ô and is written o in Kora. The i is pronounced as ie and the u is pronounced oe. They are written as i and u in Kora.These are the first or original sounds used by the first humans to develop a language for themselves. The first three are used by a baby when she cries, and the final two are added when the child begins to speak.&nbsp;For a diacritical sign, we use the square brackets [ ]. (Some linguists use / /). A diacritical sign says that the sign can only be expressed in one way, not always the way it is spelled.&nbsp;If you have not already downloaded, free of charge, Kora, please use the URL given below.https://sahistory.org.za/archive/kora-lost-khoisan-language-early-cape-and-gariep-menan-du-plessis &nbsp;&nbsp;

3.1 Kaaps

Overhead view of creative workspace with woven textiles, vintage tools, and cultural artifacts arranged on wooden surface.

3.1 HackedBy Peter SnydersYour biggest asset against a hacker is that you can switch them out. There is another asset but let us leave that for later.Once they are on your computer you are not going to have an easy life. This starts happening when you see only a black screen. The beautiful Google pictures are all gone. When a picture does appear, it is a distorted picture of the top of a woman. You cannot make out her face and features, because they are all distorted. This is the sign for you that they are busy going through your data. Use your biggest asset: switch off your computer.Soon you will discover that the distorted picture is there for always. They are not always on your case. They just have a system to get onto your computer as soon as they see that you are active on it. I think that your computer would light up for them to know that you are busy. Yes, they become blatant. Often you will see a big black square over your desktop icons. It means that the hacker is working in the background. Switch off!You will also know that they are working in the background when you cannot open your files. When Microsoft tells you that something went wrong and suggests that you go to Control Panel and select Programs and Features and do a change, your system would be restored and you would be able to open your files, but how much of your writing have they stolen in the meantime? Switching off is a better way for you to use.I have been advised by my son-in-law that every computer has a unique IP number. What he also told me is that the hacker can only get onto your computer via the internet or your Gmail account. At the back of your computer, you will see the biggest hole to insert a connection or a flash drive. In this socket the internet connection is made. So, to keep them out, unplug your network plug. After you have done this, check to see if you have access to your Gmail account. You should not be able to access your Google account. Neither can they.Do not open a cell or email message that you do not know. Be especially careful of messages that promise you much money that you can easily obtain. As soon as you open that cellphone message or email, they are in your computer or cellphone. They are not going to give you peace until they have all your loose money and things that they can easily sell for money.After they have been on your computer for a while, they become arrogant and displace your beautiful Google pictures with the out of focus picture of a women I referred to.They can only hack the IP number of one of your PC’s. Every PC has a different IP Number. So, if you have two PC’s and one got hacked, the other one would be safe if you were vigilant. You can get a cheap secondhand computer at one of those places who give money for sellable things. Use this PC for your files. The hacked PC is used only for Gmail. If, after some time, the hackers see that there is no more to hack, they will remove their ugly picture. But, since they know your IP Number, they can anytime check you out again. So, pull out the network plug of the PC that you do your everyday work on.If you have lots of files and folders on a 4TB external hard drive, even though there is nothing of value to them on it, the hacker will spend so much time having to go through every file and getting nothing, their tyrant boss would beat them up. If you leave your computer for a while, pull out the plug of your external hard drive. They will see nothing, that is if you do not have a second PC.They get a kick out of hacking into people’s private lives. So, you can throw this back them by writing a sympathetic letter to the hacker. They are not going to respond, but you have beaten them psychologically. Finally, my sister put me in contact with someone who could rid me of the hacker. It turned out that he used a Bitdefender together with the Bitdefender VPN. When you are hacked, Bitdefender VPN will advise you and give you the opportunity to get rid of the hacker. If you tell VPN to block the hackers, they will do so and advise you that they have done so.It turns out that you can get this package for R467.00 per annum together with TEN PCs on which you can use the same project. So, if you and nine others can come together and each one gives R50.00 they can have a peaceable life. You will be given all the options to protect you, but you may have to upgrade to hide your IP Number and have other advantages.This is where these hacking experiences of mine come to an end, but you can communicate with other users of our blog and share your unique experiences.

3.1 Hacked

<h3>Frequency in Bybel Vertalers</h3>Compiled by Peter SnydersNommers en Name van Bybelvertalers&nbsp;1. &nbsp; &nbsp; Kyle Deon Manuel2. &nbsp; &nbsp; Denver Breda3. &nbsp; &nbsp; Joce Engelbrecht4. &nbsp; &nbsp; Moynene Jonas5. &nbsp; &nbsp; Christo Meyer6. &nbsp; &nbsp; Chanell Miller7. &nbsp; &nbsp; Chris van Wyk8. &nbsp; &nbsp; Ivor Swartz9. &nbsp; &nbsp; Jasmine Lewis10. Caela Nutt11. Ilne Fourie12. Rowena Koopman/Rowena Bestenbier13. Lolèta Dalton14. Kelly Adonis15. Renier Stander16. Hermien Bothma &nbsp;(twie versions)17. Denzil Davids18. Christa Faasen19. Hendry Kortje20. Hein KleinbooiLitnet kept a Bible Translation into Kaaps of the first eight verses of Genocide.The twenty translators above sent their translations. From the names, it appears as if men and women were about fifty-fifty. Rowena Koopman appeared to get married, which is why her new name, Rowena Bestenbier is also given. Of the group, she was the most enthusiastic.We tried to contact all of them, but could only reach a few. We used the translations of the contact information that we could get with their permission. Please remember that there is no copyright on words, which is why we used the words of those whom we could not contact.Even though the speech is the same, the writer uses the way s/he articulates the words. So, there will be differences. When all participants use the same text, we have the ideal opportunity to examine frequency. We also apply the rules the translators use. Some rules are weak when compared to others.The full Kaaps — Dutch Frequency Table is too large to display directly in this blog post. Instead, it is available as a PDF on our Resources page. Click&nbsp; here&nbsp; - <a data-mce-href="https://kaapsculture.org/new-page-2-2-2-2-2" href="https://kaapsculture.org/new-page-2-2-2-2-2">"Kaaps — Dutch Frequency Table"﻿</a> to be redirected there, then select "Frequency in Bybel Vertalers" to view and download the document. Keep it close — you'll need it for the dictionary choices.<figure id="figure-rfs6n2l5vqmr27opb3" class=""><img id="rfs6n2l5vqmr27opb3" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/2fMi0PeousHo8gKlOUyzVos5kBAqp03p8FamtObFBKVOjN85KYqk66bnaQHFkYM8.png" alt="" title="" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 0% undefined%;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="0%" data-positiony="undefined%" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/2fMi0PeousHo8gKlOUyzVos5kBAqp03p8FamtObFBKVOjN85KYqk66bnaQHFkYM8.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: 0% undefined%;"></figure>

Frequency in Bybel Vertalers

<h3>J in Kora</h3>The table below shows how two spellings can mean the same thing. This can happen with a change of vowel or consonant. The je that is seen on its own is used to show how the Dutch diminutive marker is changed to the Kora diminutive, djie or tjie. The e in Kora is always phonologically ê. The Dutch use a schwa in je, which Kora changes to the phonological ê that is e in Kora.Please note that the j in aitjos (~ajos) is how two linguists hear the sound. The alternative ajos, which is not recognised in Kora, is not in bold like aitjos. With the Kora for ten, Meinhof recognises that d has an alternative dj and tj. These are recognised by Kora as the diacritical signs ʤ (alt plus 0676) and ʧ (alt plus 679) written as dj and tj.The approximant j again plays a role in tense and gender markers. This is the accepted norm for a liaison that is not recognised as a consonant in Kora. The gender marker 1mp means first person plural.Please hold onto this table and print it out if you can. It will make you understand Kora more easily. You do not have to speak the language, just understand its rules. Click on the link <a data-mce-href="https://kaapsculture.org/new-page-2-2-2-2-2" href="https://kaapsculture.org/new-page-2-2-2-2-2" title="Kora" data-mce-selected="inline-boundary">" Kora"</a> to access a pdf of all the variants of Kora.<figure id="figure-y5lf3g0accmqzd2k55" class=""><img id="y5lf3g0accmqzd2k55" src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/dJez930gemLxtKakYkJ6tTDP8gWvbJrR7m3LEV2SjD6F3mwfK7RO0qTkkmPiRTK0.png" alt="" title="" class="object-cover bg-gray-100 " style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;" data-corners="default" data-aspect="16:9" data-caption="" data-positionx="undefined" data-positiony="undefined" data-fullwidth="false" data-mce-src="https://cdn.durable.co/blocks/dJez930gemLxtKakYkJ6tTDP8gWvbJrR7m3LEV2SjD6F3mwfK7RO0qTkkmPiRTK0.png" data-mce-style="aspect-ratio: 16/9; object-position: center center;"></figure>

Kora Variants

2.4 Bushmen Blog&nbsp;By Peter Snyders © 28th May 2024G &nbsp;The BushmenThe Bushmen or San were far from being uncivilised. They had keen perception, including a sense of smell. They could gather food from nature and had the wisdom to leave a few to grow and feed them on another day. They did not see any need to farm because they were usually in small clans and their habitats did not allow their food to grow throughout the year.They shared the same unique click-type languages as the Khoikhoi because they are historically from the same group that had separated at least twenty thousand.(20,000) years before they came to South Africa. The Khoi were one group of Hunter-gatherers. Their contact with the Bantu tribes caused them to begin pastoral farming by several of them. The Bushmen / San who ventured south were able to expand with purposeful techniques, their hunter-gatherer system of obtaining natural food.They could remain a long time without food and could then devour immense quantities of meat without any ill effects. They cared less for the future and were happy if the wants of the moment were supplied.&nbsp;George Theal: History of Ethnography p.10The Bushmen piled up stone walls in the shape of the sides of a triangle, for the purpose of capturing game. There was a narrow open space at the apex. Just beyond this was a deep pit carefully covered over, into which the animals that were driven forward fell without chance of escape. The construction of these walls required much labour, but the hunters were not deficient in energy.They made pits for entrapping the elephant and the hippopotamus near rivers. &nbsp;The Bushmen who lived in the vicinity of streams containing fish used long baskets shaped like scoop nets made of reeds to capture the smaller kinds and speared the huge barbels and yellow fish with harpoons of bone.&nbsp;George Theal: History of Ethnography p.11The Khoikhoi and San have the most mtDNA haplogroup L0 in southern Africa, within their genes. Europeans and other people also have this gene inside them. Europeans who know this should cast off racism because their roots lie in these so-called ‘savages’ or ‘wild people.’ Within their time, they were not savages but enlightened folk.Despite them being very seldom more than a band of twenty, there was an absence of incest. They practised monogamy. It is not correct to believe what George Theal, in his History of Ethnography, p.19, says that the Bushmen were immoral.The convenient Sān protogroup eventually found their way into South Africa, whence they spread out of the country, and some of them eventually made their way to the Cape region. Here, there was ample food and wild game. They could therefore make drums and musical instruments and could dance and play games in their leisure time.At the Cape, they could also live off the sea. They ate seals and whales when these spilled out of the sea. Their womenfolk, besides the many root plants, could also gather mussels, crayfish, and other smaller and larger dishes. Bushmen were so-called “Bosjesmans” by the Dutch because they did not have actual homes. They slept in the open or made a home for themselves from bushes.When there was an absence of food, or they needed to procure more protein in their diets, they would hunt whatever wildlife was available. Their keen sense of perception and smell were assets to the nimbleness and agility to hunt wild animals. They were more civilised than modern humans in that they did not claim property, they treasured the absence of violence, and were merciful, cheerful, and never lacked kindness. These chaste people did not have a chief and were blessed not to have any political situation to rule over them.At the Cape, they were joined by Khoikhoi who had either been ousted by their clan or tribe, or, like the non-eldest sons, would leave to find their own way. With the Bushmen, he or she could be free to live a life without waste. Living without waste is the second of the three treasures of Taoism. Living like birds, they practiced without knowing that this was living in the Kingdom of Heaven according to Jesus, the Christ. They lived an unselfish life, like children, without intellectualism.The negativity to the white man’s blind-sided view of the San was also associated with connotations of poverty, low status, thievery, and scavenging. When one lives within the Kingdom of God, you are never poor. Yes, you keep a low status in the eyes of people who think themselves civilised while they use other low-status people to make money for their greed and ambitions. The term scavengers is totally out of place. They were gatherers, like the birds, in the Kingdom of More than Enough.The Bushmen / San were one with nature. They had insight into nature. During the Stone Age, they were the ones who drilled stones. They had other labour and skills. They made knives of stone.&nbsp;They knew that their arrows would seldom penetrate the hides of the animals they hunted, so they fire-hardened the bones of smaller animals onto their arrows. They knew that penetrating the skin of animals would not kill him, so they used natural poison to tip the arrowheads from serpents and trees.Bushmen were artists. When they found copper – and sometimes iron – they would make ornaments for the body. They used the skins of the hunted animals to make clothing for themselves. They were not thieves. They were humble like saints and knew how to survive in times of scarcity. This led to the ingenious game-catching techniques, like making traps for big animals to fall in. They gave every unnamed thing a name, and they knew them with skill.They knew where the waterholes were. During times of drought, when there was not a waterhole for several hundred kilometres away, they knew what wild fruit and vegetables they could consume to give their bodies the water they needed. They were not thievish. They wanted to avoid contacting strangers. When aggressive contact with the outsiders of their clan came about, they knew the art of war with just poisoned arrows. When the white settlers chased away their wildlife, they helped themselves to the livestock of the Boers. This led to a quarrel, which led to the genocide of the Bushmen in South Africa.Only people like Elizabeth Thomas, for example, who have stayed with Bushmen for some time, can give a correct view of them. To befriend them is quite a task. They could make themselves invisible. Once a few Bushmen were contacted, and after a while, they found the white person to be friendly; this news would cause other Bushmen to reveal themselves to the strangers.The Bushmen were shorter and of a lighter complexion than the Khoikhoi with whom they formed the Khoisan. They only wanted to be left in peace. They did not compete in issues that they could not win. They are only frightened by other people and hope to be spared their attention. They think of all strangers as dangerous people. They call all non-Bushmen ‘animals without hooves,’ because they say, non-Bushmen are angry and dangerous like lions and hyenas. And they called themselves ‘the harmless people.”&nbsp;Elizabeth Marshall Thomas 1959: The Harmless People p.24This post ends the Bushmen saga. It will be continued under Khoisan.&nbsp;